来自接地系统混乱时的干扰

　　接地是提高电子设备电磁兼容（EMC）的有效手段之一。正确的接地，既能抑制电磁干扰的影响，又能抑制设备向外发出干扰；而错误的接地，反而会引入严重的干扰信号，使PLC系统将无法正常工作。
PLC控制系统的地线包括系统地、屏蔽地、交流地和保护地等。接地系统混乱对PLC系统的干扰主要是各个接地点电位分布不均，不同接地点间存在地电位差，引起地环路电流，影响系统正常工作。例如电缆屏蔽层必须一点接地，如果电缆屏蔽层两端A、B都接地，就存在地电位差，有电流流过屏蔽层，当发生异常状态如雷击时，地线电流将更大。

　　此外，屏蔽层、接地线和大地有可能构成闭合环路，在变化磁场的作用下，屏蔽层内有会出现感应电流，通过屏蔽层与芯线之间的耦合，干扰信号回路。若系统地与其它接地处理混乱，所产生的地环流就可能在地线上产生不等电位分布，影响PLC内逻辑电路和模拟电路的正常工作。PLC工作的逻辑电压干扰容限较低，逻辑地电位的分布干扰容易影响PLC的逻辑运算和数据存贮，造成数据混乱、程序跑飞或死机。模拟地电位的分布将导致测量精度下降，引起对信号测控的严重失真和误动作。

来自PLC系统内部的干扰

　　主要由系统内部元器件及电路间的相互电磁辐射产生，如逻辑电路相互辐射及其对模拟电路的影响，模拟地与逻辑地的相互影响及元器件间的相互不匹配使用等。这都属于PLC制造厂对系统内部进行电磁兼容设计的内容，比较复杂，作为应用部门是无法改变，可不必过多考虑，但要选择具有较多应用实绩或经过考验的系统。

　　三、PLC控制系统工程应用的抗干扰设计

　　为了保证系统在工业电磁环境中免受或减少内外电磁干扰，必须从设计阶段开始便采取三个方面抑制措施：抑制干扰源；切断或衰减电磁干扰的传播途径；提高装置和系统的抗干扰能力。这三点就是抑制电磁干扰的基本原则。

PLC控制系统的抗干扰是一个系统工程，要求制造单位设计生产出具有较强抗干扰能力的产品，且有赖于使用部门在工程设计、安装施工和运行维护中予以全面考虑，并结合具有情况进行综合设计，才能保证系统的电磁兼容和运行可靠。进行具体工程的抗干扰设计时，应主要以下两个方面。

1设备选型

　　在选择设备时，首先要选择有较高抗干扰能力的产品，其包括了电磁兼容（EMC），尤其是抗外部干扰能力，如采用浮地技术、隔离能好的PLC系统；其次还应了解生产厂给出的抗干扰指标，如共模拟制比、差模拟制比，耐压能力、允许在多大电场强度和多高频率的磁场强度环境中工作；另外是靠考查其在类似工作中的应用实绩。在选择国外进口产品要注意：我国是采用220V高内阻电网制式，而欧美地区是110V低内阻电网。由于我国电网内阻大，零点电位漂移大，地电位变化大，工业企业现场的电磁干扰至少要比欧美地区高4倍以上，对系统抗干扰能要求更高，在国外能正常工作的PLC产品在国内工业就不一定能可靠运行，这就要在采用国外产品时，按我国的标准（GB/T13926）合理选择。

2综合抗干扰设计

　　主要考虑来自系统外部的几种如果抑制措施。主要内容包括：对PLC系统及外引线进行屏蔽以防空间辐射电磁干扰；对外引线进行隔离、滤波，特别是原理动力电缆，分层布置，以防通过外引线引入传导电磁干扰；正确设计接地点和接地装置，完善接地系统。另外还必须利用软件手段，进一步提高系统的安全可靠。


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